Editor's note: The following article was originally published in June 2013. It has been edited and updated for this year.
This year people across China and around the world will celebrate Dragon Boat Festival on June 2. Recognized as an official holiday by the Chinese government in 2008, the annual event means three days off of work or out of school for hundreds of millions of Chinese, culminating in celebrations and dragon boat races today.
The origins of Dragon Boat Festival, or Duanwu Jie (端午节), are shrouded in the murky depths of China's ancient history. Depending on who is telling the story, the festival began as a way to commemorate the suicide of a court official more than 2,000 years ago. Who that official was is still an unsettled question. However, the most popular version of the story centers around a man named Qu Yuan (屈原), who was a court official and accomplished poet in the Kingdom of Chu (楚國) during China's Warring States period (战国时代).
Accounts differ, but Qu somehow ran afoul of either jealous mandarins or the king himself. Regardless, Qu managed to get himself banished and began to roam the countryside composing poetry. Years later, upon hearing that the Kingdom of Qu had suffered defeat at the hands of its rival the Kingdom of Qin (秦国), the poet carried a rock into a river and drowned himself. Villagers who respected Qu for his poetry raced out in boats to try and recover his body.
Again, here the tale has two alternate tellings. One says the villagers paddled furiously in their boats to keep evil spirits at bay and also threw rice wrapped in paper into the river in an attempt to keep fish from devouring Qu's body.
The other version says that after he died, Qu visited villagers in their dreams. He requested that people wrap rice in silk, paddle out onto the river and drop the packets into the water as a way to nourish Qu's soul.
A similar story involving a man named Wu Zixu (伍子胥) is also attributed to the creation of Dragon Boat Festival. Wu was a general during China's Spring and Autumn era (春秋时代). After years of loyal service and a decorated military career, Wu was forced by his king to commit suicide after the two had a disagreement. After disemboweling himself, Wu's body was thrown into a river. No matter which story is to be believed, both men committed suicide on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Thus, Dragon Boat Festival – also known as Double Fifth — is commemorated every year on this day.
Anthropologists tell an entirely different story, one based much more on scholarly research than on ancient folklore. Dragon Boat Festival normally falls very close to the summer solstice, which in southern China is typically hot, humid and beset by disease-spreading mosquitoes. The front doors of houses are adorned with stalks of wormwood — called aihao (艾蒿) in Chinese. These plants are believed to ward off insects and can be purchased virtually anywhere during the run-up to the festival.
Before people understood disease prevention they would hold purification rituals to ward off ill health. Anthropologists now say Dragon Boat Festival originated in such rituals conducted to frighten away evil spirits. Water splashed by paddles and the rhythmic pounding of drums were ways to traditionally ward of disease-causing spirits.
In addition to these activities, families would eat lunch together and drink xionghuang jiu (雄黄酒). This alcoholic delight is a mixture of Chinese baijiu and arsenic sulfide. Traditionally this is drunk and also rubbed on earlobes and foreheads to protect people from mosquitoes, evil spirits and gaseous humors that were believed to cause disease.
Folklore and anthropology aside, traditionally people eat zongzi (粽子) — glutinous rice often cooked with sweet or savory fillings and wrapped in bamboo leaves — and drink the aforementioned xionghuang jiu.
Perhaps the most well known part of the festival is the boat races that are held around China and now across the world. Boat crews can range from five to thirty people depending on size of their boat and are normally accompanied by a drummer pounding out a beat to which the crew rhythmically rows.
GoKunming would like to wish everyone, regardless of their proximity to water or a boat, a happy Dragon Boat Festival. Enjoy your tipple of xionghuang jiu.
Top image: Photobucket
Qu Yuan image: Wikipedia
Zongzi image: Fduoduo
Comments
Thanks for this. I always wondered what could possibly connect the ferocious paddling with triangular snacks. And was obviously too lazy to look it up for myself.
They holding any type of dragon boat race on Dianchi lake today?
Just nice, near and convenient :)
Been told any races would of already finished? :(
Triangular? Try tetrahedron. Get with the 21st century already! We can print out fake zongzi now...wait that's brilliant I'll make a fortune.
My students told me that the rice was thrown into the river to entice the fish away from eating Qu Yuan's body....
you'll make a fortune cookie.
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